Sunday, May 5, 2013

Wall Street analysts remains bullish on LinkedIn, investors not so sure

(Reuters) - Wall Street took a long-tem view on LinkedIn Corp's prospects on Friday, with at least six brokerages raising their price targets despite the company's slower-than-expected shift to a marketing model based on selling ads on news feeds.

LinkedIn on Thursday forecast a weaker-than-expected current quarter, even after first-quarter results blew past estimates.

The company's shares were down about 8 percent in early trading after company executives suggested that a revamped mobile app and other new products designed to keep smartphone users engaged would not deliver on advertising growth as quickly as anticipated.

However, analysts said the disappointing news had not changed the strong fundamentals of the social network for professionals.

"...We found nothing thesis-changing in the quarter and would encourage investment on the 10 percent after hours pull-back," Evercore Partners analysts Ken Sena and Andrew McNellis wrote in a research note.

Evercore maintained its "overweight" rating and $210 price target on the stock, which closed at $201.67 on Thursday, while lowering its estimate for revenue from marketing by $85 million for the year.

LinkedIn's Marketing Solutions unit contributed $74.8 million to overall revenue in the first quarter, or about 23 percent of the total.

J.P.Morgan, BMO Capital Markets, Northland Capital, Cantor Fitzgerald, Wedbush Securities and Canaccord Genuity all raised their price targets on the stock, by as much as $50. There were no target cuts among brokerages tracked by Thomson Reuters.

Analysts said the marketing shift aside, LinkedIn was poised for further growth due to recurring subscription revenue streams, vast addressable markets and attractive margins.

LinkedIn has introduced a series of enhancements recently, including news content for mobile devices.

But its mobile-oriented "newsfeed" ads -- or promotions that appear directly in a users' stream of content -- remain in testing and will only be introduced gradually.

"Given the success of Facebook's sponsored content program, we expect a rapid ramp in Marketing Solutions revenue," Needham & Co analyst Kerry Rice said, referring to the LinkedIn's advertising strategy. "Unfortunately, the rollout will be gradual, which should result in slower Marketing Solutions growth for the balance of 2013."

As consumers shift away from PCs, companies such as LinkedIn, Facebook Inc and Google Inc are stepping up efforts to better reach mobile users. More than a quarter of LinkedIn's Web traffic now comes from its mobile app.

And LinkedIn is ahead of the game in distinguishing between tablets and smartphones, creating different strategies for each, BMO Capital Markets analysts said.

As of Thursday's close, LinkIn's stock was trading at roughly 118 times estimated 2013 earnings per share.

The average price-earnings ratio for the sector is about 19, according to StarMine.

LinkedIn shares gained about 76 percent this year up to Thursday's close.

(Reporting by Supantha Mukherjee in Bangalore; Editing by Ted Kerr)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/wall-street-analysts-remains-bullish-linkedin-investors-not-134628428.html

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Bargain-bin smartphones vault ZTE into the top 5 in U.S. market share

May 2 (Reuters) - Few sports fluctuate as much as horse racing and even fewer races are as unpredictable as the Kentucky Derby. This year's race, at Churchill Downs on Saturday, is no different and looms as one of the most open in decades. The early favorite is Orb, who won the Florida Derby, one of the key traditional lead-up races, in brilliant fashion. His main challenger, at least in betting circles, is the unbeaten Verrazano, but this is anything but a two-horse race. With a capacity-field of 20 impeccably bred three-year-olds, the 139th Kentucky Derby has all the makings of a classic. ...

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/bargain-bin-smartphones-vault-zte-top-5-u-235017159.html

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Thursday, May 2, 2013

Better without playoffs?

A playoff-less baseball season has at least one proponent: A's GM Billy Beane

BY JOE POSNANSKI

NBCSports.com

updated 9:31 a.m. ET May 1, 2013

Before I tell you about our big idea ? ?our? meaning Billy Beane and me ? let?s start with the inspiration. A week or so ago, my wife Margo asked a sports question. Margo used to be a pretty big sports fan, but that was before the PTA took up 98.9 percent of her time, so now she will emerge every month or two after fighting to the death with another weekly newsletter to ask something like, ?So, who won the Final Four?? or ?Whatever happened to Tim Tebow??

This time, though, her question was international.

?So,? she asked, ?when do the Premier League soccer playoffs begin??

The question came up in actual conversation ? it wasn?t just some crazy out of the blue thing, we were discussing how cool it would be to spend some time in England learning about the Premier League ? but the point was her reaction when I told her that the Premier League doesn?t have playoffs. She did not seem able to grasp the concept.

?What do you mean?? she asked.

?They don?t have playoffs. They never have.?

?So,? she asked, ?how do they pick a winner??

?Well, the team with the best record at the end of the season is the champion.?

She looked at me in sheer wonder ? the same look she gave me the first time I successfully put in a child car seat ? and finally said: ?That?s the greatest thing I?ve ever heard. Why don?t WE do that??

Let?s be honest: Most Americans do not want to do that. We are a playoff nation. We, as Americans, tend to love playoffs. We can?t get enough of them. We want tournaments expanded. We want wildcards added. We want five-game series stretched to seven. We want 68 teams in the NCAA Tournament rather than 64 even though it makes absolutely no sense*. People have been fighting harder for a college football playoff than pretty much any pressing issue in American life.

*And then the NCAA calls those play-in games the ?first round,? which is just ludicrous and stupid though, admittedly, probably not in the top five ?ludicrous and stupid? things the NCAA does.

Lots of people have written and talked about the difference in character and expectation between, say, English sports fans and American sports fans. The brilliant Bill Bryson, an American son of a sportswriter who has lived most of his adult life in England, once wrote about how Americans and English folks have different expectations when they go to the pharmacy to get medicine.

?(T)he British don?t expect over-the-counter drugs to change their lives,? Bryson wrote, ?whereas we Americans will settle for nothing less. ? You only have to watch any television channel for a few minutes, flip through a magazine, or stroll along the groaning shelf of any drugstore to realize that people in this country expect to feel more or less perfect all the time. Even our household shampoo, I notice, promises to ?change the way you feel.??

Well, we can embrace that. We want our meals supersized, our Powerade with advanced electrolytes, our Tylenol Maximum Strength, and our games do or die. Playoffs speak to us. They are not everyday games. They are extraordinary. They are pressure packed. They are television extravaganzas. They are important, hugely important, draped with Roman numerals. They give us heroes and goats, the thrills and the agonies in Costco-sized packages.

In the Premier League, meanwhile, everyone has pretty well known that Manchester United is going to win the league for roughly two months. There?s no drama. There are no second chances. But that fits what people expect. In England, they would no sooner add playoffs to the end of the Premier League season than give you free Diet Coke refills in restaurants. The lack of playoffs isn?t just a feature of the Premier League ? it?s at the very HEART of the Premier League. The best team wins the championship. The worst teams are relegated to the Football League Championship, sort of the Class AAA of British soccer.

In England, soccer mirrors life. It?s the day-to-day excellence that marks greatness, not a three or four-week run to glory.

Well, I think we should bring some of that spirit to America ? especially to baseball. I mean football is geared for the short season ? 16 games, an intense playoffs, a Super Bowl, that?s why it?s the biggest thing in America. But they play 162 games in baseball. One hundred sixty two. I mean, seriously, that?s a lot of baseball games. No other sport plays so many.

That?s more than enough game to determine who are the best teams in baseball. I mean, hey, I like all the playoffs too ? more baseball is more baseball ? but they feel cheap and gimmicky. They feel like you compete in a triathlon, and then, when everyone is finished, the Top 16 have a chili eating contest to determine the real champion.

It feels like SOMETHING could be done here. I?m not saying that they should get rid of the playoffs, but there should be some way to bring back some power and authority to the baseball regular season. I just needed an ally. And I knew exactly where to find one.

?Yeah, I think you and I are probably of the same mindset on this,? said Billy Beane, Oakland A?s general manager and real life version of the Brad Pitt ?Moneyball? character.

OK, yeah, that was kind of an obvious ploy going to Billy Beane. For one thing, everyone knows he?s an uber-fan of European soccer, particularly the Premier League. And everyone also knows he?s been CRUSHED by the playoffs more than anyone in baseball the last 15 or so years. Six times since 2000, the A?s have qualified for the playoffs ? six times they have lost. Five of those they lost in a heartbreaking Game 5 of the Division Series. The sixth time, they were swept by Detroit in the ALCS.

Beane has famously said that his ?s--- doesn?t work in the playoffs,? and he is very, very clear to not make excuses when I ask him questions about the playoffs vs. the regular season. This is how baseball picks their champions, and it?s his job and Oakland?s job to win in October.

But he does believe ? and I believe, too ? that the baseball playoffs are a crapshoot. They are what Beane poetically calls ?a gauntlet of randomness.? Every now and again there?s a team that?s so good ? say the legendary 1998 Yankees or the amazing 2009 Yankees ? that nothing can derail them, not randomness, not bad luck, not a short series, nothing. But that?s a rare, rare team. Going all the way back to the 1990 season, those two Yankees teams are the ONLY two teams that had the best record in baseball and won the World Series.*

*The 2007 World Champion Boston Red Sox tied the Cleveland Indians for the best record.

?I just happen to believe that last year, the New York Yankees were the best team in the American League last year because they had the best record over the season,? Beane says. ?I thought in 2001, the Seattle Mariners (who won 116 games but lost n the ALCS) were by far the best team in baseball. That?s just my opinion. (He added: ?I also happen to think that Georgetown was better than Villanova in 1985.?)

Billy Beane

Eric Risberg / AP

Nobody presently in baseball has been more snakebit by the playoffs the Billy Beane, whose A's teams have notoriously fallen short in postseason play.


?The playoffs are a great thing for our sport ? I want to make that clear. But let?s call it what it is: we allow small sample sizes and random events to determine the champion. That?s how it is in baseball.?

But does it HAVE to be that way? Isn?t there a way to get the thrills of the playoffs but also the justice of a champion chosen through a long season with a thousand, slumps and streaks, challenges and triumphs?

?Well,? Billy said, ?there is one thing you?re forgetting about European football. They really have the best of both worlds. They don?t have a playoff in the Premier League, but they do have the Champions League ??

Oh yeah. The UEFA Champions League. That is a huge tournament that features club teams from more than 50 countries all over Europe. They play in a fairly complicated tournament that eventually leads to a 16-team knockout round like the NCAA?s Sweet 16. So, yeah, soccer fans do get their playoff thrills and their valid regular season. They get the excitement of a consequential and important regular season, but they also get a wild and thrilling playoff.

?Hey, wait a minute,? I said to Beane. ?What if ??

?I think we?re thinking the same thing,? Billy Beane said before I finished.

He was right: We both had the same idea: Baseball can have the best of both worlds too. The playoffs can remain the playoffs ? it?s still the World Series, and you can make it as wide open as you like. But in the meantime, what if there was a trophy given and a serious distinction to the teams in each league with the best record.

What if, for instance, we called THEM the ?pennant winners?? That?s how it was until 1969, you know, the team with the best team in each division was said to have ?won the pennant.? Now, we tend to call the team that snakes through each league playoff as the pennant winner, but I think that should be changed. Getting to the World Series is reward enough. The ?pennant? should go to the team with the best record in each league.

Pennant winners over the last few years:

2012 pennant winners: New York and Washington

2011 pennant winners: New York and Philadelphia

2010 pennant winners: Tampa Bay and Philadelphia

2009 pennant winners: New York and Los Angeles Dodgers

2008 pennant winners: Los Angeles Angels and Chicago Cubs*

*The Cubs win the pennant!

This could be a really good thing. Of course, it has to be taken seriously. If two teams tie for the pennant, for instance, they should play a one-game playoff. The season should be viewed as its own thing, starts around the first of April, ends at the end of September. That?s it.

Now, if I had my way, the pennant winners would also get something special in the playoffs ? extra home field advantage or something ? but that?s playoff talk again. In the end, sure, of course, the World Series will still matter a lot more because it has history behind it and because, yes, we love our playoffs. But I?d love to see the 162-game champion recognized in a bigger way. I?d love to see a 2012 pennant flag waving in Washington right now.

?You know what,? Billy Beane said, ?you and I might be the only ones who feel that way.?

?Yeah,? I said, then added, ?Well, my wife too.?

Joe Posnanski is the national columnist for NBC Sports. Follow him on Twitter @JPosnanski. Click here to subscribe to Joe's stories.

? 2013 NBC Sports.com? Reprints

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Source: http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/51727826/ns/sports-baseball/

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Tuesday, April 16, 2013

NBC networks to televise EPL next season

Arlo White, left, listens as Rebecca Lowe speaks during a joint NBC and English Premier League (EPL) press conference on Tuesday, April 16, 2013 in New York. All 380 EPL games will be televised live by NBC and its networks next season as part of a multiyear contract. White will be the lead play-by-play voice during coverage and Lowe host the telecasts beginning Aug. 17. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

Arlo White, left, listens as Rebecca Lowe speaks during a joint NBC and English Premier League (EPL) press conference on Tuesday, April 16, 2013 in New York. All 380 EPL games will be televised live by NBC and its networks next season as part of a multiyear contract. White will be the lead play-by-play voice during coverage and Lowe host the telecasts beginning Aug. 17. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

Richard Scudamore, chief executive of the English Premier League, speaks during an interview at NBC studios on Tuesday, April 16, 2013 in New York. Scudamore and NBC executives announced that all 380 English Premier League games will be televised live by NBC and its networks next season as part of a multiyear contract. The telecasts begin Aug. 17 and will be carried on NBC, NBC Sports Network, Telemundo, Mun2 and various digital outlets. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

Richard Scudamore, left, chief executive of the English Premier League, listens as Mark Lazarus, NBC Sports chairman, speaks during a press conference on Tuesday, April 16, 2013 in New York. Lazarus announced that all 380 English Premier League games will be televised live by NBC and its networks next season as part of a multiyear contract. The telecasts begin Aug. 17 and will be carried on NBC, NBC Sports Network, Telemundo, Mun2 and various digital outlets. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews)

(AP) ? All 380 English Premier League games will be televised live by NBC and its networks next season as part of a multiyear contract.

The telecasts begin Aug. 17 and will be carried on NBC, NBC Sports Network, Telemundo, Mun2, other NBC television properties, and various digital outlets.

NBC is scheduled to air 20 games, with 154 on NBC Sports Network; 76 of the telecasts will be in Spanish on Telemundo or Mun2; and 22 will be shown on other NBC Sports Group channels.

Windows for the national telecasts are 7 a.m. and 10 a.m. ET Saturdays on NBCSN, and 12:30 p.m. on NBC; 8 a.m. Sundays on NBCSN and 11 a.m. on that channel and Telemundo; and 2:30 p.m. ET Mondays on NBCSN.

In addition, NBC is making available free to all carriers of NBC Sports Network a package of all EPL games played at 10 a.m. ET on Saturdays ? the primary starting time in the Premier League. Called Premier League Extra Time, it is similar to DirecTV's NFL Sunday Ticket.

"I can't wait for Aug. 17 to come and we get started," NBC Sports Group Chairman Mark Lazarus said Tuesday. "It's about making this one of the key pillars of our landscape."

The deal comes at a time when Fox and ESPN also have heavy involvement in soccer. But the world's most popular league in the world's most popular sport will belong solely to NBC for the next three years at a rights fee of $250 million.

Arlo White, who currently calls MLS games on NBCSN, will handle play-by-play from England. Former Premier League players Lee Dixon and Graeme Le Saux will handle analysis. Former England national team star Gary Lineker will be a special contributor.

Rebecca Lowe, a fixture on European soccer coverage in Europe, will host a studio show from NBC's international broadcast center in Stamford, Conn. But all game production will be done on-site in England, with NBC using England-based announcers on games White doesn't work.

"They went all in with us," Jon Miller, NBC Sports president of programming, said of the EPL, "and we're all in with them."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2013-04-16-NBC-Premier%20League/id-64244ff37984488997bdbbd467ea5a5d

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Monday, April 15, 2013

Patrol: 16 hurt in bus crash near Yosemite park

FRESNO, Calif. (AP) ? A bus carrying visitors from Yosemite National Park crashed on a main highway south of the park, leaving 16 people injured, the California Highway Patrol said Sunday.

The bus was about 40 miles south of the park when it went off Highway 41 and over and embankment about 6 p.m. Saturday.

The patrol's Merced dispatch office described it as a minor injury crash, and said the 16 people were taken to local hospitals.

The bus was carrying 17 people, including a driver, when the crash occurred near local road 630.

No more police information was immediately available, but the Fresno Bee quoted officers as saying the bus was returning from a visit to the park when the bus driver, who was traveling about 40 mph, lost control of the bus.

Patrol Sgt. Edward Greene said the bus rolled onto an embankment and several passengers were thrown to the driver's side of the bus. It eventually came to a stop after hitting a tree.

"If the tree wasn't there to stop the bus, it would have continued down the ravine," Greene said.

The newspaper said the injured people ? the majority of whom were elderly ? were taken to three area hospitals with minor to moderate injuries.

The bus driver was the only one who was not hurt.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/patrol-16-hurt-bus-crash-near-yosemite-park-091252978.html

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Sunday, April 14, 2013

California pension fund to divest from gunmakers

SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - California's pension fund for teachers made official on Friday its plan to divest holdings in firearms companies whose weapons are illegal in the state.

The California State Teachers' Retirement System will now sell holdings in two publicly traded gunmakers Sturm, Ruger & Co and Smith & Wesson Holding Corp. The investments are worth about $3 million.

The divestment plan has been in play since January at the $161.5 billion pension fund after State Treasurer Bill Lockyer advanced it in response to the mass shooting at the Sandy Hook Elementary School in Connecticut in December.

Lockyer sits on the board of the fund, best known as Calstrs, and also pressed it to divest holdings in manufacturers of high-capacity ammunition magazines that are illegal for the general public in California.

The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting involved a type of semi-automatic rifle banned in California and sparked a national debate regarding gun control with some pension funds flexing their financial clout to weigh in on the issue.

Lockyer also sits on the board of the California Public Employees' Retirement System, the biggest U.S. public pension fund. Its investment committee voted in February to divest holdings in Sturm Ruger and Smith & Wesson in a move affecting about $5 million in investments.

(Reporting by Jim Christie)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/california-pension-fund-divest-gunmakers-233048858--sector.html

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Saturday, April 13, 2013

L-carnitine significantly improves patient outcomes following heart attack

L-carnitine significantly improves patient outcomes following heart attack [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 12-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Rachael Zaleski
mcpmedia@elsevier.com
215-239-3658
Elsevier Health Sciences

Results of systematic review of 13 controlled studies reported in Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Rochester, MN, April 12, 2013 L-carnitine significantly improves cardiac health in patients after a heart attack, say a multicenter team of investigators in a study published today in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Their findings, based on analysis of key controlled trials, associate L-carnitine with significant reduction in death from all causes and a highly significant reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and anginal attacks following a heart attack, compared with placebo or control.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although many of the therapies developed in recent decades have markedly improved life expectancy, adverse cardiovascular events such as ventricular arrhythmias and angina attacks still occur frequently after an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

It is known that during ischemic events L-carnitine levels are depleted. Investigators sought to determine the effects of targeting cardiac metabolic pathways using L-carnitine to improve free fatty acid levels and glucose oxidation in these patients. By performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available studies published over several decades, they looked at the role of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction.

L-carnitine is a trimethylamine which occurs in high amounts in red meat and is found in certain other foods, and is also widely available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement which is claimed to improve energy, weight loss, and athletic performance. Its potential role in treating heart disease was first reported in the late 1970s.

A comprehensive literature search yielded 153 studies, 13, published from 1989-2007, were deemed eligible. All the trials were comparison trials of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.

This systematic review of the 13 controlled trials in 3,629 patients, involving 250 deaths, 220 cases of new heart failure, and 38 recurrent heart attacks, found that L-carnitine was associated with:

  • Significant 27% reduction in all-cause mortality (number needed to treat 38)
  • Highly significant 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias (number needed to treat 4)
  • Significant 40% reduction in the development of angina (number needed to treat 3)
  • Reduction in infarct size

There were numerically fewer myocardial reinfarctions and heart failure cases associated with L-carnitine, but this did not reach statistical significance.

First author James J. DiNicolantonio, PharmD, Wegmans Pharmacy, Ithaca, NY, observes, "Although therapies for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including percutaneous coronary intervention, dual antiplatelet therapy, b-blockers (BBs), statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiac rehabilitation, have markedly improved clinical outcomes, adverse cardiovascular (CV) events still occur too frequently after ACS. One promising therapy for improving cardiac health involves using L-carnitine to improve free fatty acid levels and glucose oxidation."

"The potential mechanisms responsible for the observed beneficial impact of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction are likely multifactorial and may, in part, be conferred through the ability of L-carnitine to improve mitochondrial energy metabolism in the heart by facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where b-oxidation occurs, removing toxic fatty acid intermediates, reducing ischemia induced by long-chain fatty acid concentrations, and replenishing depleted carnitine concentrations seen in ischemic, infarcted, and failing myocardium," says DiNicolantonio.

L-carnitine is proven to be safe and is readily available over the counter. The investigators agree that the overall results of this meta-analysis support the potential use of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction and possibly in secondary coronary prevention and treatment, including angina. They advocate for a larger randomized, multicenter trial to be performed to confirm these results in the modern era of routine revascularization and other intensive medical therapies following acute myocardial infarction. But, says DiNicolantonio, "L-carnitine therapy can already be considered in selected patients with high-risk or persistent angina after acute myocardial infarction who cannot tolerate treatment with ACE inhibitors or beta blockers, considering its low cost and excellent safety profile."

These findings may seem to contradict those reported in a study published earlier this month in Nature Medicine by Robert A. Koeth and others (Koeth, R. A. et al. Nature Med. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3145), which demonstrated that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine produced trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. They also noted that omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine, and suggested a possible direct link between L-carnitine, gut bacteria, TMAO, and atherosclerosis and risk of ischemic heart disease.

"The Nature Medicine paper is of interest," agrees senior investigator Carl J. Lavie, M.D.,FACC,FACP,FCCP, Medical Director of the Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Center at the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute at the University of Queensland School of Medicine in New Orleans, "but the main study reported there was in animals, and unlike our study, lacks hard outcomes." He also notes that "there are various forms of 'carnitine' and our relatively large meta-analysis specifically tested L-carnitine on hard outcomes in humans who had already experienced acute myocardial infarction."

###


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


L-carnitine significantly improves patient outcomes following heart attack [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 12-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Rachael Zaleski
mcpmedia@elsevier.com
215-239-3658
Elsevier Health Sciences

Results of systematic review of 13 controlled studies reported in Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Rochester, MN, April 12, 2013 L-carnitine significantly improves cardiac health in patients after a heart attack, say a multicenter team of investigators in a study published today in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Their findings, based on analysis of key controlled trials, associate L-carnitine with significant reduction in death from all causes and a highly significant reduction in ventricular arrhythmias and anginal attacks following a heart attack, compared with placebo or control.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Although many of the therapies developed in recent decades have markedly improved life expectancy, adverse cardiovascular events such as ventricular arrhythmias and angina attacks still occur frequently after an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack).

It is known that during ischemic events L-carnitine levels are depleted. Investigators sought to determine the effects of targeting cardiac metabolic pathways using L-carnitine to improve free fatty acid levels and glucose oxidation in these patients. By performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available studies published over several decades, they looked at the role of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control in patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction.

L-carnitine is a trimethylamine which occurs in high amounts in red meat and is found in certain other foods, and is also widely available as an over-the-counter nutritional supplement which is claimed to improve energy, weight loss, and athletic performance. Its potential role in treating heart disease was first reported in the late 1970s.

A comprehensive literature search yielded 153 studies, 13, published from 1989-2007, were deemed eligible. All the trials were comparison trials of L-carnitine compared with placebo or control in the setting of acute myocardial infarction.

This systematic review of the 13 controlled trials in 3,629 patients, involving 250 deaths, 220 cases of new heart failure, and 38 recurrent heart attacks, found that L-carnitine was associated with:

  • Significant 27% reduction in all-cause mortality (number needed to treat 38)
  • Highly significant 65% reduction in ventricular arrhythmias (number needed to treat 4)
  • Significant 40% reduction in the development of angina (number needed to treat 3)
  • Reduction in infarct size

There were numerically fewer myocardial reinfarctions and heart failure cases associated with L-carnitine, but this did not reach statistical significance.

First author James J. DiNicolantonio, PharmD, Wegmans Pharmacy, Ithaca, NY, observes, "Although therapies for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including percutaneous coronary intervention, dual antiplatelet therapy, b-blockers (BBs), statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiac rehabilitation, have markedly improved clinical outcomes, adverse cardiovascular (CV) events still occur too frequently after ACS. One promising therapy for improving cardiac health involves using L-carnitine to improve free fatty acid levels and glucose oxidation."

"The potential mechanisms responsible for the observed beneficial impact of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction are likely multifactorial and may, in part, be conferred through the ability of L-carnitine to improve mitochondrial energy metabolism in the heart by facilitating the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix, where b-oxidation occurs, removing toxic fatty acid intermediates, reducing ischemia induced by long-chain fatty acid concentrations, and replenishing depleted carnitine concentrations seen in ischemic, infarcted, and failing myocardium," says DiNicolantonio.

L-carnitine is proven to be safe and is readily available over the counter. The investigators agree that the overall results of this meta-analysis support the potential use of L-carnitine in acute myocardial infarction and possibly in secondary coronary prevention and treatment, including angina. They advocate for a larger randomized, multicenter trial to be performed to confirm these results in the modern era of routine revascularization and other intensive medical therapies following acute myocardial infarction. But, says DiNicolantonio, "L-carnitine therapy can already be considered in selected patients with high-risk or persistent angina after acute myocardial infarction who cannot tolerate treatment with ACE inhibitors or beta blockers, considering its low cost and excellent safety profile."

These findings may seem to contradict those reported in a study published earlier this month in Nature Medicine by Robert A. Koeth and others (Koeth, R. A. et al. Nature Med. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3145), which demonstrated that metabolism by intestinal microbiota of dietary L-carnitine produced trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. They also noted that omnivorous human subjects produced more TMAO than did vegans or vegetarians following ingestion of L-carnitine, and suggested a possible direct link between L-carnitine, gut bacteria, TMAO, and atherosclerosis and risk of ischemic heart disease.

"The Nature Medicine paper is of interest," agrees senior investigator Carl J. Lavie, M.D.,FACC,FACP,FCCP, Medical Director of the Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Center at the John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute at the University of Queensland School of Medicine in New Orleans, "but the main study reported there was in animals, and unlike our study, lacks hard outcomes." He also notes that "there are various forms of 'carnitine' and our relatively large meta-analysis specifically tested L-carnitine on hard outcomes in humans who had already experienced acute myocardial infarction."

###


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Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/ehs-lsi041113.php

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Thursday, March 14, 2013

Automatic Link Kicks Your Car's Brain Into High Gear

A new smartphone app and plug-in device unveiled Tuesday promises to give cars some of the same tech-based features available only from certain factory models or through services like OnStar. Automatic Labs announced the Automatic Link, a combination iOS app and dongle for automotive diagnostics.

Source: http://ectnews.com.feedsportal.com/c/34520/f/632000/s/297efcec/l/0L0Stechnewsworld0N0Crsstory0C7750A90Bhtml/story01.htm

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Dow posts first 9-day win streak since 1996

Stocks eked out a small gain in tight trading Wednesday, with the Dow logging its first ninth-consecutive winning streak since November 1996 and the S&P 500 within striking distance of its all-time closing high.

"It's the ongoing momentum in the market and every day you get a bit of a grind higher," said Joe Saluzzi, co-manager of trading at Themis Trading. "And we've seen this kind of market before?it's the QE-infused rally. It's tough to fight it and no one wants to fight it anymore."

Read More: 'Dangerously Close to Highs': Adami

The Dow Jones Industrial Average squeezed out a gain of 5.22 points to end at 14,455.28, logging yet another all-time closing high and its first nine-day rally since 1996. The blue-chip index traded in a tight 60-point range all day. IBM led the gainers, while Alcoa dragged.

The blue-chip index is currently on pace for its biggest point gain ever in one quarter and is close to seeing its first double-digit quarter percentage gain since 1998.

The S&P 500 eked out a gain of 2.04 points to finish at 1554.52, crawling closer to its all-time closing peak. The Nasdaq added 2.80 points to close at 3,245.12.

The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), widely considered the best gauge of fear in the market, traded near 12.

Read More: S&P at 2000 by 2015: Strategist

Among key S&P sectors, industrials led the best performers, while telecoms lagged.

"Since the beginning of February, we've been in a sweet spot of having a strong equity, dollar and oil market, which is a winning combination from an economic standpoint," said Randy Frederick, managing director of active trading and derivatives at Schwab Center for Financial Research. "In addition, the housing market recovery has been critical and has an enormous psychological effect on consumers."

Frederick said he expects the rally to continue and the S&P 500 will likely see new highs in the near-term.

"Small pullbacks like today are buying opportunities," said Frederick. "We might see a correction after the S&P 500 touches the new high, but the rally will resume because looking out at the rest of the year, things continue to look positive."

Meanwhile, widely-followed hedge fund manager David Tepper of Appaloosa Management remains bullish on the U.S. stock market, a source familiar with his thinking told CNBC, and predicts the S&P could soar 20 percent or more through the course of 2013. Tepper became known several years ago for embracing the "Bernanke put" theory that the Fed's quantitative easing would pave the way for a bull run.

Tepper himself was reluctant to comment on the outlook, telling CNBC he is "still constructive on the market."

Netflix rallied to lead the S&P 500 gainers after the movie-streaming website unveiled a new feature that allows users to connect their accounts to Facebook.

Meanwhile, Facebook declined amid new Federal Trade Commission's guidelines for social media advertisements.

Silver Springs Networks spiked more than 20 percent in its market debut on the NYSE after the smart grid products maker priced its IPO at $17 a share.

Among earnings, Express tumbled after the apparel retailer provided a full-year outlook that widely missed forecasts.

Boeing edged higher after the Federal Aviation Administration approved the aircraft manufacturer's plan for the redesigned Dreamliner 787 battery system.

Apple was flat following a report that showed shipments of tablets running Google's Android will top the iPad this year for the first time, according to research house International Data. Apple has plunged nearly 40 percent from its all time high of $705 a share back in September.

Walgreen jumped after UBS raised its rating on the drugstore chain to "buy" from "neutral" and lifted its price target to $48 from $41.

Democrats are expected to unveil a U.S. budget blueprint that attempts to slice federal deficits by $1.85 trillion over 10 years through an equal mix of spending cuts and tax increases on the rich, according to Reuters.

European shares declined after a weak Italian debt auction. Worries over the euro zone have resurfaced over the last few weeks amid jitters over Italy's credit rating downgrade in the wake of the nation's inconclusive election results.

Read More: Italy Three-Year Debt Cost at 2013 High After Downgrade

On the economic front, retail sales jumped 1.1 percent in February, according to the Commerce Department, after a revised 0.2 percent gain in January. Economists had expected to rise 0.5 percent, according to a Reuters survey.

Read More: Retail Stocks Propel Market Higher

Meanwhile, import prices gained 1.1 percent in February, according to the Labor Department, due to the increase in fuel prices. Economists surveyed by Reuters had expected a reading of 0.5 percent. And export prices climbed,fueled by higher corn and soybean prices, in addition to higher costs for industrial goods and materials, capital goods and autos.

And business inventories climbed 1 percent in January, the biggest gain in more than 18 months, suggesting restocking of warehouses will boost economic growth this quarter, according to the Commerce Department. Economists surveyed by Reuters expected a gain of 0.4 percent.

Weekly mortgage applications declined last week as interest rates spiked, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.

The Treasury auctioned $21 billion in 10-year notes at a high yield of 2.029 percent. The bid-to-cover ratio, an indicator of demand, was 3.19.

? 2013 CNBC LLC. All Rights Reserved

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/business/dow-posts-first-9-day-win-streak-1996-1C8835462

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Wednesday, March 13, 2013

Oregon motel surrounded as police hunt suspected killer

By Teresa Carson

PORTLAND (Reuters) - Police surrounded a motel in Oregon on Tuesday and were negotiating for the surrender of an ex-convict accused of killing his grandparents after they threw him a party to celebrate his release from prison, authorities said.

Michael "Chadd" Boysen, 26, is suspected of killing his grandparents in Renton, Washington, and stealing their car. Their bodies were found on Saturday, a day after he was released from prison on a burglary conviction.

"We have information that Boysen may be in a motel room in Lincoln City, Oregon," Cindi West, a spokeswoman for the King County Sheriff in Washington state, said in an email. She said a SWAT team was at the motel.

Lincoln City Police Chief Keith Kilian told Reuters a person had checked in to the WestShore Oceanfront Motel under Boysen's name, and that a motel clerk alerted police after recognizing images of Boysen that have played in the media.

Oregon State Police said in a statement that rooms at the motel were evacuated and surrounding city streets were blocked. Local residents were contacted by phone and asked to remain in their homes until the situation is resolved, police said.

Police feared Boysen planned to target people in positions of authority. He was released on Friday from the Monroe Correctional Facility in Washington state, after serving a nine-month sentence for burglary.

Police said the grandparents had given Boysen a room in their home. They picked him up from prison on Friday, helped him get a Washington state identification card and hosted a family party later that evening, police said.

Boysen's mother found the bodies of her parents on Saturday, according to police. The next day, the King County Sheriff's Office issued a warrant for Boysen's arrest.

About two dozen law enforcement officers surrounded the hotel where Boysen was believed to be holed up in Lincoln City, 76 miles southwest of Portland on the Oregon coast.

"We are negotiating with a male subject, who we believe is one and the same" as Boysen, Kilian said. "He's not wanting to come out. In fact, he'd like us to go away."

"We need to do everything we can to get this man off the street as soon as possible," King County Sheriff John Urquhart said in a statement on Monday. "His threats against authority figures make him very dangerous and unpredictable."

(Additional reporting by Laura L. Myers in Seattle, Writing by Alex Dobuzinskis; Editing by Cynthia Johnston and David Gregorio)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/oregon-motel-surrounded-manhunt-ex-convict-wanted-over-191425204.html

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Thursday, February 28, 2013

Consider These Nike Air Jordan Wonderful Self Improvement Tips ...

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Source: http://crew.valkry.com/blog/95105/consider-these-nike-air-jordan-wonderful-self-improvement-tips/

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Friday, February 22, 2013

NASA releases glory Taurus XL launch failure report summary

Feb. 21, 2013 ? NASA has released a summary report on findings from a panel that investigated the unsuccessful 2011 launch of the agency's Glory spacecraft.

The satellite, designed to improve our understanding of Earth's climate, was lost March 4, 2011, when it failed to reach orbit after launch aboard an Orbital Sciences Corp. Taurus XL rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.

A mishap investigation board led by Bradley C. Flick, director of the Research and Engineering Directorate at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in Edwards, Calif., determined the Taurus launch vehicle's fairing system failed to open fully and caused the mishap. The fairing is a clamshell nosecone that encapsulates the satellite as it travels through the atmosphere.

The mishap investigation board was not able to identify the definitive cause for the fairing system failure, but it did recommend ways to prevent future problems associated with the joint system that makes up the fairing. NASA and Orbital are continuing to investigate the fairing system.

The summary report provides an overview of the mishap investigation board's findings. The board's complete report is not available for public release because it contains information restricted by U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations and information proprietary to the companies involved. The summary is available at: http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/728836main_T9_MIB_Public_Release_Summary.pdf

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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/dMTN1qSpBrQ/130221093938.htm

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Wednesday, February 20, 2013

Parris named new Heritage football coach

Conyers -- Heritage has its new head football coach. Mike Parris was hired as the eighth coach in school history Friday, athletic director Chuck Landy confirmed.

Parris replaces Chad Frazier, who accepted the athletic director/head football coach's job at Villa Rica in January.

Parris spent the last 17 seasons at Jackson High School in Butts County, compiling a 123-67 record, including 11 trips to the state playoffs. His 2000 team reached the Class AAA state final four at the Georgia Dome and he also reached a quarterfinal in 2009. Parris was 35-11 in four seasons at Forest Park from 1992-1995, with his final team reaching the state semi finals.

"We had a tremendous amount of interest, well over 100 applied, we looked at a lot of people. Coach (Parris) just stands out," Landy said. "He's a good person, he's been an excellent football coach. "The people that have worked with him say nothing but good things about him."

Landy also liked the fact that Parris had led Forest Park to four consecutive winning seasons, then stayed at Jackson for nearly two decades and cultivated a winning program (only five losing seasons since 1996).

"He's intending on seeing the players develop, he's just really highly-thought of," Landy said. "If you look at his track record, (he) won a lot of football games, as far as the football part of it. He's got 21 years of experience as a head coach. We were fortunate, he really wanted to come to Heritage."

Heritage went 37-27 in Frazier's six seasons, making three consecutive playoff appearances in his final three years, including winning the Region 8-AAAA championship in 2011.

Source: http://www.rockdalecitizen.com/news/2013/feb/19/parris-named-new-heritage-football-coach/

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Tuesday, February 19, 2013

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Source: http://www.etsy.com/listing/61606485/peacock-garters-bridal-garters-peacock

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Afghan boy from nominated film to walk Oscars red carpet

NBC News

Afghan teen Fawad Mohammadi, 14, is getting ready for a trip down the red carpet at the Oscars.

By Mandy Clark, Correspondent, NBC News

KABUL, Afghanistan -- On Tuesday, Fawad Mohammadi embarked on a long journey from the dirty mud-baked streets of Kabul to Hollywood's red carpet. It would be his first time leaving Afghanistan and his first time on a plane.

"So excited!" the 14-year-old said as he waited expectantly at Kabul International Airport for his flight. He looked the part, wearing jeans and brandishing his newly minted passport.

It all started when he befriended an American director, Sam French, who was looking for an actor to star in his film, "Buzkashi Boys," two years ago. The movie tells the story of two poor children dreaming of becoming famous buzkashi players, a popular traditional Afghan sport similar to polo.?

The small-budget film hit the big time in January, when it was nominated for the?Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.

Mohammadi's?own life echoes that of the character he plays.

Since he was five, he has supported his widowed mother and six siblings by selling souvenir maps for a few dollars to tourists on the streets of Kabul. He was paid $1,500 for acting in "Buzkashi Boys," which he gave to his mother to help out his family. Average annual income in Afghanistan is under $500 a year.?

He never thought his movie debut would change his life.

But it did. Life altered when he learned, in a dusty Internet cafe in Kabul, that the film?was nominated for an Oscar, and that he would be invited to the United States. At the time, he had never even heard of the Academy Awards. He was thrilled that he was going to fly on an airplane. This was great news for Mohammadi, who wants to be a pilot when he grows up.

On Tuesday he boarded a plane to take a trip of a lifetime. His final destination is Hollywood, where dreams are made. Mohammadi said he was "proud for Afghanistan, the first Oscar for Afghanistan."

Kiko Itasaka and Michele?Neubert of NBC News contributed to this report.

Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/19/17016021-from-the-streets-of-kabul-to-hollywood-afghan-boy-from-nominated-film-to-walk-red-carpet?lite

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Microbes team up to boost plants' stress tolerance

Feb. 17, 2013 ? While most farmers consider viruses and fungi potential threats to their crops, these microbes can help wild plants adapt to extreme conditions, according to a Penn State virologist.

Discovering how microbes collaborate to improve the hardiness of plants is a key to sustainable agriculture that can help meet increasing food demands, in addition to avoiding possible conflicts over scare resources, said Marilyn Roossinck, professor of plant pathology and environmental microbiology, and biology.

"It's a security issue," Roossinck said. "The amount of arable land is shrinking as cities are growing, and climate change is also affecting our ability to grow enough food and food shortages can lead to unrest and wars."

Population growth makes this research important as well, Roossinck added.

"The global population is heading toward 9 billion and incidents of drought like we had recently are all concerns," said Roossinck. "We need to start taking this seriously."

Roossinck, who reports on the findings Feb. 17 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, said that she and her colleagues found an example of a collaboration between plants and viruses that confer drought tolerance to many different crop plants.

The researchers tested four different viruses and several different plants, including crops such as rice, tomato, squash and beets, and showed that the viruses increased the plants' ability to tolerate drought. Virus infection also provided cold tolerance in some cases.

A leafy plant, related to a common weed known as lamb's quarter, was also infected with a virus that caused a local infection. The infection was enough to boost the plant's drought tolerance and may mean that the virus does not have to actively replicate in the cells where the resistance to drought occurs, according to Roossinck.

In studies on plants that thrive in the volcanic soils of Costa Rica and in the hot, geothermal ground in Yellowstone National Park, viruses and fungi work together with plants to confer temperature hardiness, said Roossinck. Researchers found that fungi and a type of grass -- tropical panic grass -- found in Yellowstone National Park grow together in temperatures above 125 degrees Fahrenheit. If the plant and fungus are separated, however, both die in the same heat levels.

Because viruses are often present in plant fungi, Roossinck wondered if viruses played a role in the reaction.

"I noticed that all of the samples from the geothermal soils had a virus, so it seemed worth it to take a deeper look," said Roossinck.

The researchers found that there was no heat tolerance without the virus. Once the researchers cured the fungus of the virus, the plant was unable to withstand the heat. When the virus was reintroduced, the plant regained heat tolerance.

"A virus is absolutely required for thermal tolerance," said Roossinck. "If you cure the fungus of the virus, you no longer have the thermal tolerance."

While researchers do not entirely understand the role of viruses in helping plants withstand extreme conditions, Roossinck said that future research may help the agricultural industry naturally develop hardier plants, rather than rely on chemical solutions that threaten the environment.

"The question is, can we restore the natural level of microbes in plants and grow them better and more tolerant of environmental stress like heat and drought, or pathogens?" Roossinck said. "This may lead to more natural methods of creating crops that are more heat, drought and stress tolerant."

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/IsK9-w5J4Uc/130217134321.htm

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Monday, February 18, 2013

Debt Despair: UK plagued by suicides as austerity shows no mercy

Suicide rates are soaring in the UK, with money worries pushing many over the edge. Cuts to mental health services and aggressive debt-collecting are cited by experts as major factors aggravating the situation. RT's Andrew Farmer met one mother, who lost her child over debt despair.

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Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCO5upERBBg&feature=youtube_gdata

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Country singer Mindy McCready dead in apparent suicide

By Gael Fashingbauer Cooper, TODAY

Country singer Mindy McCready was found dead Sunday "from what appears to be a single self-inflicted gunshot wound," police said.

Deputies investigating a report of gunshots found McCready's body on the front porch of a home?in Heber Springs, Ark., according to the?Cleburne County Sheriff's Office.

McCready, 37, had battled substance abuse.?

?As sad as it is, it didn?t come as a major shock, because she?s just been battling demons for so long, Billy McKnight, McCready?s ex-boyfriend and the father of her 6-year-old son, told TODAY on Monday. ?I was around her when she attempted suicide twice, so I knew it was in her.?

Story:?McCready's ex: Apparent suicide 'didn't come as a major shock'

She had a No.1 country hit in 1996, when she was just 21, with "Guys Do It All the Time." Her other popular songs included "Ten Thousand Angels" and "A Girl's Gotta Do (What A Girl's Gotta Do)."

"I grew up listening to?Mindy McCready...so sad for her family tonight," Grammy-winning country singer Carrie Underwood tweeted. "Many prayers are going out to them."

Wynonna Judd tweeted, "Oh my! Mindy. Dear sweet girl. This is so sad. It just breaks my heart what addiction continues to take from this life."

McCready, who has dated such famous men as "Lois and Clark" star Dean Cain and Red Sox pitcher Roger Clemens, has had more problems than hits in recent years.

Mark Humphrey / AP file

Her relationship with Clemens made headlines in 2008. McCready told "Inside Edition" that she was just 16 when she met the married Clemens, but said their relationship did not become sexual until years later. Clemens issued a statement saying only, "I have made mistakes in my personal life for which I am sorry."

On Monday, Clemens released a statement calling McCready's death "sad news," and adding, "I had heard over time that she was trying to get peace and direction in her life."

In 2010, she appeared on "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew" seeking help for her battle with substance addiction.

Her biography for the VH1 show states, "Although she was arrested and jailed for trying to buy OxyContin with a false prescription and attempted suicide with an overdose of drugs and alcohol, Mindy?believes her only true addiction is to violent relationships."

In an interview with The Associated Press in 2010, McCready called her life "a beautiful mess."?

She added: "My entire life things have been attracted to me and vice versa that turn into chaotic nightmares or I create the chaos myself."?

In 2011, McCready's mother reported that the singer and her young son Zander were missing. McCready's mother was Zander's legal guardian. The singer returned her son by order of a judge. She gave birth to another son, Zayne, in April 2012.

In January, her boyfriend David Wilson died of a gunshot wound in his Heber Springs home.?McCready later appeared on TODAY and called Wilson her "soulmate." When asked by NBC's Andrea Canning if she shot Wilson, McCready replied, "Oh, my God, no. He was my life. We were each others' life."

Authorities are still investigating Wilson's death and have not named McCready as a suspect.

On Feb. 6, McCready's publicist said the singer was admitted to an inpatient facility, though the cause was not specified. Her two sons were placed in foster care while McCready was being treated.

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Source: http://todayentertainment.today.com/_news/2013/02/17/16997320-country-singer-mindy-mccready-dead-in-apparent-suicide?lite

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Sunday, February 17, 2013

Wiping out top predators messes up the climate

Wiping out top predators like lions, wolves and sharks is tragic, bad for ecosystems ? and can make climate change worse. Mass extinctions of the big beasts of the jungles, grasslands and oceans could already be adding to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Trisha Atwood of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, studied the effect of removing predator fish from ponds and rivers in Canada and Costa Rica. Across a range of ecosystems, climates and predators, she found a consistent pattern: carbon dioxide emissions typically increased more than tenfold after the predators were removed.

"It looks like predators in many types of ecosystems ? marine and terrestrial as well as freshwater ? can play a very big role in global climate change," she told New Scientist.

The widespread and dramatic ecological impacts of the loss of top predators are well known. In the ensuing "trophic cascade", the vanished top predator's prey proliferate, which in turn puts pressure on the species that the prey eats, and so on down the food chain. In this way, changes at the top of a food chain destabilise the balance of populations right the way down.

But the geochemical impacts of trophic cascades, including any impact on emissions from ecosystems, are much less well known. Atwood's study of freshwater ecosystems showed how changes to species at the bottom of the food chain, such as photosynthesising algae, following the removal of a top predator dramatically increased the flow of CO2 from the ecosystem to the atmosphere.

The effect will not always be to increase CO2 emissions, however ? sometimes the loss of top predators could decrease emissions, she says. "But we show that something so seemingly unrelated, like fishing all the trout from a pond or removing sharks from the ocean, could have big consequences for greenhouse-gas dynamics."

Help from kelp

Other recent studies have hinted at similar effects. Last October, Christopher Wilmers of the University of California, Santa Cruz, reported how the disappearance of sea otters is linked with increased CO2 emissions from North American coastlines (Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, doi.org/khz). With no otters eating them, sea urchins thrive and eat out kelp forests ? often known as the "rainforests of the oceans" ? resulting in major CO2 releases.

Global climate models do not take such impacts into account yet. Atwood says they could be major, as freshwater emissions may be on a par with the influence of deforestation, which is thought responsible for around 15 per cent of human-caused CO2 emissions.

Environmentalists will herald the findings as further evidence that it is vital to protect pristine habitats and the charismatic species at the top of their food chains. But there is a dark side. A recent study found that some island ecosystems around New Zealand store 40 per cent more carbon than others because of their top predators ? invading rats that are wiping out seabird colonies. Rats, it seems, are good for the climate (Biology Letters, doi.org/bbmtw9).

Journal reference: Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1734

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